Enamels and enamelling (1900)

Title: Enamels and enamelling, an introduction to the preparation and application of all kinds of enamels for technical and artistic purposes, for enamel makers, workers in gold and silver and manufacturers of objects of art
Author: Paul Randau
Publisher: Scott, Greenwood and co.
Year: 1900
Pages: 236
Types of files: pdf, djvu, txt, epub, kindle, daisy
Link: http://www.archive.org/...

Note: Resource kindly indicated by Nina Horvat

Table of Contents (short version):

I. Introduction
II. The Composition and Properties of Glass
III. Raw Materials for the Manufacture of Enamels
IV. Substances Added to Produce Opacity
V. Fluxes
VI. Pigments
VII. Decolorising Agents
VIII. Testing the Raw Materials and Enamel Mass
Ix. Subsidiary Materials
X. Preparing the Materials for Enamel-Making
XI. Mixing the Materials
XII. The Enamel Mass
XIII. Appliances for Smelting the Enamel Mass
XIV. Smelting the Charge
XV. Composition of Enamel Masses
XVI. Composition of Masses for Ground Enamels
XVII. Composition of Cover Enamels
XVIII Preparing the Articles for Enameling
XIX. Applying the Enamel
XX. Firing the Ground Enamel
XXI. Applying and Firing the Cover Enamel or Glaze
XXII. Repairing Defects in Enamelled Ware
XXIII. Enamelling Articles of Sheet Metal
XXIV. Decorating Enamelled Ware
XXV. Specialties in Enamelling
XXVI. Dial-Plate Enamelling
XXVII. Enamels for Artistic Purposes

Thesis: electrolytic reduction of corroded lead objects (2007)

Title: A study of the electrolytic reduction of corroded lead objects and the application, characterization and testing of a protective lead carboxylate coating
Author: Bart Schotte
University: Ghent University
Year: 2007
Pages: 199
Type of document: PhD thesis
Link: http://hdl.handle.net/... (pdf, 14.6 Mb)

Note: Resource kindly indicated by Goran Budija

Abstract:
Lead objects exposed to the atmosphere or buried are known to corrode slightly. However, lead corrodes severely in humid environments, and, more specifically, in the presence of organic acids. This accelerated degradation, commonly referred to as active corrosion, takes place e.g. in display cases of museums and on organ pipes in churches: the objects readily loose mechanical stability and their original surface details. If the process is not stabilized, all details and even the entire artefact could be lost through complete disintegration. A possible treatment to stabilize and conserve active corroded lead is an electrochemical reduction. In this work we have tried to shed some light onto the process. First of all, a fundamental study was performed to understand the mechanism of the ongoing reduction and how it affects the profile of the corresponding reduction curve. In a second part, we focused on the evaluation of the treatment, related to the chemical and morphological changes of the lead artefacts. Finally, we studied the efficiency of the treatment on corroded lead alloys. Therefore, lead and lead alloys, including lead-tin, lead-antimony and lead-bismuth were artificially corroded by vapours of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and acetaldehyde at different concentration levels. Consequently, the electrolytic reduction of the corroded coupons was studied to evaluate the effects of the alloying elements. In this work, we studied the application of lead decanoate, deposited by immersion in sodium decanoate solutions. We focused on the lead decanoate layer growth in situ using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, in order to obtain insights in the protection and growth properties. The preparation of decanoate solutions was investigated and resulted in the establishment of a protocol for a solution that produces rigid coatings. Using this solution, we studied the lead decanoate surface coverage on a basis of solid/liquid contact angle measurements at regular time intervals during treatment. In addition, we monitored the coating resistance during application by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and studied effects of stirring and of the layer thickness of the liquid phase to determine most efficient application conditions.


Table of contents (short version):

I. General introduction, corrosion and conservation, applied techniques
1. General introduction on lead
2. Experimental methods

II. Study of the electrolytic reduction of actively corroded lead objects
3. A fundamental study of the electrochemical reduction treatment
4. Chemical and morphological changes
5. Reduction of artificially corroded samples

III. Lead soaps
6. Lead carboxylate coatings: General introduction
7. Real time spectroelectrochemistry
8. Optimization of the Pb(C10)2 coating process
9. Growth and corrosion monitoring of PbC10 layers

Summary and conclusions
Appendicea

Thesis: Binding medium, pigments and metal soaps (2005)

Title: Binding medium, pigments and metal soaps characterised and localised in paint cross-sections
Author: Katrien Keune
University: University of Amsterdam
Year: 2005
ISBN: 978-90-77209-17-2
Type of document: PhD thesis
Download: http://www.amolf.nl/... (pdf)
New Link: http://dare.uva.nl/... (pdf)


Table of contents (short version):
Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry of paint cross-section taken from an early Netherlandish painting by Rogier van der Weyden
3. Studies on oil binding media in paint cross-sections
4. Analytical imaging studies clarifying the process of the darkening of vermilion in paintings
5. Metal soap aggregates in oil paintings from the 15th-20th century